Difference between Fixed and Variable Costs

Let’s take a look at some of the main differences between fixed and variable costs:
Criteria Fixed Costs Variable Costs
Meaning
A cost that stays the same, regardless of the output produced.
A cost that changes when the output changes.
Nature
Time related.
Volume related.
Incurred
Incurred irrespective of units being produced.
Incurred only when units are produced.
Unit cost
Inversely proportional to the number of units produced.
Remains the same, per unit.
Examples
Depreciation, rent, salary, insurance, tax etc.
Material consumed, wages, commission on sales, packing


When trying to determine whether a cost is fixed or variable, simply ask the following question: Will the particular cost change if the company stopped its production activities? If the answer is no, then it is a fixed cost. If the answer is yes, then it is probably a variable cost.
Difference between Fixed and Variable Costs
5.3.3 Costs: Fixed Vs. Variable: What are Fixed and Variable Costs
Tips

Opening a Bank Account

Opening a bank account is quite a simple process. Take a look at the steps to open an account of your own:
Step 1: Fill in the Account Opening Form
This form requires you to provide the following information:
• Personal details (name, address, phone number, date of birth, gender, occupation, address)
• Method of receiving your account statement (hard copy/email)
• Details of your initial deposit (cash/cheque)
• Manner of operating your account (online/mobile banking/traditional via cheque, slip books) Ensure that you sign wherever required on the form.
Opening a Bank Account
5.3.2 Types of Bank Accounts, Opening a Bank Account: Types of Bank Accounts


Step 2: Affix your Photograph
Stick a recent photograph of yourself in the allotted space on the form.
Step 3: Provide your Know Your Customer (KYC) Details
KYC is a process that helps banks verify the identity and address of their customers. To open an account, every individual needs to submit certain approved documents with respect to photo identity (ID) and address proof. Some Officially Valid Documents (OVDs) are:
• Passport
• Driving License
• Voters’ Identity Card
• PAN Card
• UIDAI (Aadhaar) Card
Step 4: Submit All your Documents
Submit the completed Account Opening Form and KYC documents. Then wait until the forms are processed and your account has been opened!


Select the right type of account.
• Fill in complete nomination details.
• Ask about fees.
• Understand the rules.
• Check for online banking – it’s convenient!
• Keep an eye on your bank balance.


Costs: Fixed Vs. Variable: What are Fixed and Variable Costs


Fixed costs and variable costs together make up a company’s total cost. These are the two
types of costs that companies have to bear when producing goods and services.
A fixed cost does not change with the volume of goods or services a company produces. It always remains the same.
A variable cost, on the other hand, increases and decreases depending on the volume of goods and services produced. In other words, it varies with the amount produced

Types of Bank Accounts, Opening a Bank Account: Types of Bank Accounts

In India, banks offer four main types of bank accounts. These are:
• Current Accounts
• Savings Accounts
• Recurring Deposit Accounts
• Fixed Deposit Accounts
Current Accounts
Current accounts offer the most liquid deposits and thus, are best suited for businessmen and companies. As these accounts are not meant for investments and savings, there is no imposed limit on the number or amount of transactions that can be made on any given day. Current account holders are not paid any interest on the amounts held in their accounts. They are charged for certain services offered on such accounts.
Savings Accounts
Savings accounts are meant to promote savings, and are therefore the number one choice for salaried individuals, pensioners and students. While there is no restriction on the number and amount of deposits made, there are usually restrictions on the number and amount of withdrawals. Savings account holders are paid interest on their savings.
Recurring Deposit Accounts
Recurring Deposit accounts, also called RD accounts, are the accounts of choice for those who want to save an amount every month, but are unable to invest a large sum at one time. Such account holders deposit a small, fixed amount every month for a pre-determined period (minimum 6 months). Defaulting on a monthly payment results in the account holder being charged a penalty amount. The total amount is repaid with interest at the end of the specified period.
Fixed Deposit Accounts
Fixed Deposit accounts, also called FD accounts, are ideal for those who wish to deposit their savings for a long term in return for a high rate of interest. The rate of interest offered depends on the amount deposited and the time period, and also differs from bank to bank. In the case of an FD, a certain amount of money is deposited by the account holder for a fixed period of time. The money can be withdrawn when the period expires. If necessary, the depositor can break the fixed deposit prematurely. However, this usually attracts a penalty amount which also differs from bank to bank.

Personal Finance: Why to Save: Importance of Saving

Personal Finance: Why to Save: Importance of Saving


We all know that the future is unpredictable. You never know what will happen tomorrow, next week or next year. That’s why saving money steadily through the years is so important. Saving money will help improve your financial situation over time. But more importantly, knowing that you have money stashed away for an emergency will give you peace of mind. Saving money also opens the door to many more options and possibilities.

Benefits of Savings


Inculcating the habit of saving leads to a vast number of benefits. Saving helps you:
• Become financially independent: When you have enough money saved up to feel secure you can start making your choices, from taking a vacation whenever you want, to switching careers or starting your own business.
• Invest in yourself through education: Through saving, you can earn enough to pay up for courses that will add to your professional experience and ultimately result in higher paying jobs.
• Get out of debt: Once you have saved enough as a reserve fund, you can use your savings to pay off debts like loans or bills that have accumulated over time.
• Be prepared for surprise expenses: Having money saved enables you to pay for unforeseen expenses like sudden car or house repairs, without feeling financially stressed.
• Pay for emergencies: Saving helps you deal with emergencies like sudden health issues or emergency trips without feeling financially burdened.


Afford large purchases and achieve major goals: Saving diligently makes it possible to place down payments towards major purchases and goals, like buying a home or a car.
• Retire: The money you have saved over the years will keep you comfortable when you no longer have the income you would get from your job.



Break your spending habit. Try not spending on one expensive item per week, and put the money that you would have spent into your savings.
• Decide that you will not buy anything on certain days or weeks and stick to your word.

Types of E-Commerce

E-commerce is the buying or selling of goods and services, or the transmitting of money or data, electronically on the internet. E-Commerce is the short form for “electronic commerce.”

Some examples of e-commerce are:
• Online shopping • Electronic payments
• Online auctions • Internet banking
• Online ticketing


Types of E-Commerce

E-commerce can be classified based on the types of participants in the transaction. The main types of e-commerce are:
• Business to Business (B2B): Both the transacting parties are businesses.
• Business to Consumer (B2C): Businesses sell electronically to end-consumers.
• Consumer to Consumer (C2C): Consumers come together to buy, sell or trade items to other consumers.
• Consumer-to-Business (C2B): Consumers make products or services available for purchase to companies looking for exactly those services or products.
• Business-to-Administration (B2A): Online transactions conducted between companies and public administration.
• Consumer-to-Administration (C2A): Online transactions conducted between individuals


Benefits of E-Commerce


The e-commerce business provides some benefits for retailers and customers.
Benefits for retailers:
• Establishes an online presence
• Reduces operational costs by removing overhead costs
• Increases brand awareness through the use of good keywords
• Increases sales by removing geographical and time constraints
Benefits for customers:
• Offers a wider range of choice than any physical store
• Enables goods and services to be purchased from remote locations
• Enables consumers to perform price comparisons



Digital India Campaign

Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the Digital India campaign in 2015, with the objective of offering every citizen of India access to digital services, knowledge and information. The campaign aims to improve the country’s online infrastructure and increase internet connectivity, thus boosting the e-commerce industry.
Currently, the majority of online transactions come from tier 2 and tier 3 cities. Once the Digital India campaign is in place, the government will deliver services through mobile connectivity, which will help deliver internet to remote corners of the country. This will help the e-commerce market to enter India’s tier 4 towns and rural areas.



Commerce Activity


Choose a product or service that you want to sell online. Write a brief note explaining how you will use existing e-commerce platforms, or create a new e-commerce platform, to sell your product or service.



Before launching your e-commerce platform, test everything.
• Pay close and personal attention to your social media.



At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
1. Discuss the importance of saving money
2. Discuss the benefits of saving money
3. Discuss the main types of bank accounts
4. Describe the process of opening a bank account
5. Differentiate between fixed and variable costs
6. Describe the main types of investment options
7. Describe the different types of insurance products
8. Describe the different types of taxes
9. Discuss the uses of online banking
10. Discuss the main types of electronic funds transfers

Office and Email: About M.S.Office

Office and Email: About M.S.Office

MS Office or Microsoft Office is a suite of computer programs developed by Microsoft. Although meant for all users, it offers different versions that cater specifically to students, home users and business users. All the programs are compatible with both, Windows and Macintosh

Some of the most popular and universally used MS Office applications are:
• Microsoft Word: Allows users to type text and add images to a document.
• Microsoft Excel: Allows users to enter data into a spreadsheet and create calculations and graphs.
• Microsoft PowerPoint: Allows users to add text, pictures and media and create slideshows and presentations.
• Microsoft Outlook: Allows users to send and receive email.
• Microsoft OneNote: Allows users to make drawings and notes with the feel of a pen on paper.
• Microsoft Access: Allows users to store data over many tables.

Why Choose Microsoft Outlook

A popular email management choice especially in the workplace, Microsoft Outlook also includes an address book, notebook, web browser and calendar. Some major benefits of this program are:
• Integrated search function: You can use keywords to search for data across all Outlook programs.
• Enhanced security: Your email is safe from hackers, junk mail and phishing website email.
• Email syncing: Sync your mail with your calendar, contact list, notes in OneNote and…your phone!
• Offline access to email: No Internet? No problem! Write emails offline and send them when you’re connected again.

Press Ctrl+R as a shortcut method to reply to email.
• Set your desktop notifications only for very important emails.
• Flag messages quickly by selecting messages and hitting the Insert key.
• Save frequently sent emails as a template to reuse again and again.
• Conveniently save important emails as files.
Most Popular MS Office Products
Why Choose Microsoft Outlook
5.2.2 M.S. Office and Email: About M.S.Office
Tips

E-Commerce: What is E-Commerce?
E-commerce is the buying or selling of goods and services, or the transmitting of money or data, electronically on the internet. E-Commerce is the short form for “electronic commerce.”

Some examples of e-commerce are:
• Online shopping • Electronic payments
• Online auctions • Internet banking

• Online ticketing

Types of E-Commerce

What is Anger Management

Anger management is the process of:
 Learning to recognize the signs that you, or someone else, is becoming angry
 Taking the best course of action to calm down the situation in a positive way
Anger management does not mean suppressing anger.

Anger is a perfectly normal human emotion. In fact, when managed the right way, anger can be considered a healthy emotion. However, if it is not kept in check, anger can make us act inappropriately and can lead to us saying or doing things that we will likely later regret.
Extreme anger can:
 Hurt you physically: It leads to heart disease, diabetes, a weakened immune system, insomnia, and high blood pressure.
 Hurt you mentally: It can cloud your thinking and lead to stress, depression and mental health issues.
 Hurt your career: It can result in alienating your colleagues, bosses, clients and lead to the loss of respect.
 Hurt your relationships: It makes it hard for your family and friends to trust you, be honest with you and feel comfortable around you.
This is why anger management, or managing anger appropriately, is so important

Anger Management Strategies

Here are some strategies that can help you control your anger:
Strategy 1: Relaxation
Something as simple as breathing deeply and looking at relaxing images works wonders in calming down angry feelings. Try this simple breathing exercise:
1. Take a deep breath from your diaphragm (don’t breathe from your chest)
2. Visualize your breath coming up from your stomach
3. Keep repeating a calming word like ‘relax’ or ‘take it easy’ (remember to keep breathing deeply while repeating the word)
4. Picture a relaxing moment (this can be from your memory or your imagination)
Follow this relaxation technique daily, especially when you realize that you’re starting to feel angry.
Strategy 2: Cognitive Restructuring
Cognitive restructuring means changing the manner in which you think. Anger can make you curse, swear, exaggerate and act very dramatically. When this happens, force yourself to replace your angry thoughts with more logical ones. For instance, instead of thinking ‘Everything is ruined’ change your mindset and tell yourself ‘It’s not the end of the world and getting angry

Strategy 3: Problem Solving
Getting angry about a problem that you cannot control is a perfectly natural response. Sometimes, try as you may, there may not be a solution to the difficulty you are faced with. In such cases, stop focusing on solving the problem, and instead focus on handling and facing the problem. Remind yourself that you will do your best to deal with the situation, but that you will not blame yourself if you don’t get the solution you desire.
Strategy 4: Better Communication
When you’re angry, it is very easy to jump to inaccurate conclusions. In this case, you need to force yourself to stop reacting, and think carefully about what you want to say, before saying it. Avoid saying the first thing that enters your head. Force yourself to listen carefully to what the other person is saying. Then think about the conversation before responding.
Strategy 5: Changing Your Environment
If you find that your environment is the cause of your anger, try and give yourself a break from your surroundings. Make an active decision to schedule some personal time for yourself, especially on days that are very hectic and stressful. Having even a brief amount of quiet or alone time is sure to help calm you down.
The


The following tips will help you keep your anger in check:
• Take some time to collect your thoughts before you speak out in anger.
• Express the reason for your anger in an assertive, but non-confrontational manner once you have calmed down.
• Do some form of physical exercise like running or walking briskly when you feel yourself getting angry.
• Make short breaks part of your daily routine, especially during days that are stressful.
• Focus on how to solve a problem that’s making you angry, rather than focusing on the fact that the problem is making you angry.


Stress Management: What is Stress

We say we are ‘stressed’ when we feel overloaded and unsure of our ability to deal with the pressures placed on us. Anything that challenges or threatens our well-being can be defined as a stress. It is important to note that stress can be good and bad. While good stress keeps us going, negative stress undermines our mental and physical health. This is why it is so important to manage negative stress effectively.
Stress

What is Time Management

Time management is the process organizing your time, and deciding how to allocate your time between different activities. Good time management is the difference between working smart (getting more done in less time) and working hard (working for more time to get more done).
Effective time management leads to an efficient work output, even when you are faced with tight deadlines and high pressure situations. On the other hand, not managing your time effectively results in inefficient output and increases stress and anxiety

What is Honesty

Honesty is the quality of being fair and truthful. It means speaking and acting in a manner that inspires trust. A person who is described as honest is seen as truthful and sincere, and as someone who isn’t deceitful or devious and doesn’t steal or cheat. There are two dimensions of honesty – one is honesty in communication and the other is honesty in conduct.
Honesty is an extremely important trait because it results in peace of mind and builds relationships that are based on trust. Being dishonest, on the other hand, results in anxiety and leads to relationships full of distrust and conflict

Qualities of Honest People

Honest individuals have certain distinct characteristics. Some common qualities among honest people are:
1. They don’t worry about what others think of them. They believe in being themselves –
2. they don’t bother about whether they are liked or disliked for their personalities.
3. They stand up for their beliefs. They won’t think twice about giving their honest opinion, even if they are aware that their point of view lies with the minority.
4. They are think skinned. This means they are not affected by others judging them harshly for their honest opinions.
5. They forge trusting, meaningful and healthy friendships. Honest people usually surround themselves with honest friends. They have faith that their friends will be truthful and upfront with them at all times.
6. They are trusted by their peers. They are seen as people who can be counted on for truthful and objective feedback and advice.
One

Importance of Honesty in Entrepreneurs

One of the most important characteristics of entrepreneurs is honesty. When entrepreneurs are honest with their customers, employees and investors, it shows that they respect those that they work with. It is also important that entrepreneurs remain honest with themselves. Let’s look at how being honest would lead to great benefits for entrepreneurs.
 Honesty and customers: When entrepreneurs are honest with their customers it leads to stronger relationships, which in turn results in business growth and a stronger customer network.
 Honesty and employees: When entrepreneurs build honest relationships with their employees, it leads to more transparency in the workplace, which results in higher work performance and better results.
 Honesty and investors: For entrepreneurs, being honest with investors means not only sharing strengths but also candidly disclosing current and potential weaknesses, problem areas and solution strategies. Keep in mind that investors have a lot of experience with startups and are aware that all new companies have problems. Claiming that everything is perfectly fine and running smoothly is a red flag for most investors.
 Honesty with oneself: The consequences of being dishonest with oneself can lead to dire results, especially in the case of entrepreneurs. For entrepreneurs to succeed, it is critical that they remain realistic about their situation at all times, and accurately judge every aspect of their enterprise for what it truly is.
5.1.4 Honesty and work Ethics: What is Honesty
Qualities of Honest People
Importance of Honesty in Entrepreneurs

What is Attitude

Now that we understand why motivation is so important for self-analysis, let’s look at the role our attitude plays in better understanding ourselves. Attitude can be described as your tendency (positive or negative), to think and feel about someone or something. Attitude is the foundation for success in every aspect of life. Our attitude can be our best friend or our worst enemy. In other words:
“The only disability in life is a bad attitude.”
When you start a business, you are sure to encounter a wide variety of emotions, from difficult times and failures to good times and successes. Your attitude is what will see you through the tough times and guide you towards success. Attitude is also infectious. It affects everyone around you, from your customers to your employees to your investors. A positive attitude helps build confidence in the workplace while a negative attitude is likely to result in the demotivation of your people.

How to cultivate a Positive

The good news is attitude is a choice. So it is possible to improve, control and change our attitude, if we decide we want to! The following tips help foster a positive mindset:
 Remember that you control your attitude, not the other way around
 Devote at least 15 minutes a day towards reading, watching or listening to something positive
 Avoid negative people who only complain and stop complaining yourself
 Expand your vocabulary with positive words and delete negative phrases from your mind
 Be appreciative and focus on what’s good in yourself, in your life, and in others
 Stop thinking of yourself as a victim and start being proactive
 Imagine yourself succeeding and achieving your goals
Characteristics of Entrepreneurs with Achievement Motivation
What is Attitude
How to cultivate a Positive Attitude.

What is Motivation

Very simply put, motivation is your reason for acting or behaving in a certain manner. It is important to understand that not everyone is motivated by the same desires – people are motivated by many, many different things. We can understand this better by looking at Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.

Famous American psychologist Abraham Maslow wanted to understand what motivates people. He believed that people have five types of needs, ranging from very basic needs (called physiological needs) to more important needs that are required for self-growth (called self- actualization needs). Between the physiological and self-actualization needs are three other needs – safety needs, belongingness and love needs, and esteem needs. These needs are usually shown as a pyramid with five levels and are known as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

As you can see from the pyramid, the lowest level depicts the most basic needs. Maslow believed that our behaviour is motivated by our basic needs, until those needs are met. Once they are fulfilled, we move to the next level and are motived by the next level of needs. Let’s understand this better with an example.
Rupa comes from a very poor family. She never has enough food, water, warmth or rest. According to Maslow, until Rupa is sure that she will get these basic needs, she will not even think about the next level of needs – her safety needs. But, once Rupa is confident that her basic needs will be met, she will move to the next level, and her behaviour will then be motivated by her need for security and safety. Once these new needs are met, Rupa will once again move to the next level, and be motivated by her need for relationships and friends. Once this need is satisfied, Rupa will then focus on the fourth level of needs – her esteem needs, after which she will move up to the fifth and last level of needs – the desire to achieve her full potential.

Understand Achievement Motivation.


We now know that people are motivated by basic, psychological and self-fulfillment needs. However, certain people are also motivated by the achievement of highly challenging accomplishments. This is known as Achievement Motivation, or ‘need for achievement’.
The level of motivation achievement in a person differs from individual to individual. It is important that entrepreneurs have a high level of achievement motivation – a deep desire to accomplish something important and unique. It is equally important that they hire people who are also highly motivated by challenges and success.

Self Analysis – Attitude, Achievement Motivation: What is Self Analysis

To truly achieve your full potential, you need to take a deep look inside yourself and find out what kind of person you really are. This attempt to understand your personality is known as self-analysis. Assessing yourself in this manner will help you grow, and will also help you to identify areas within yourself that need to be further developed, changed or eliminated. You can better understand yourself by taking a deep look at what motivates you, what your attitude is like, and what your strengths and weaknesses are

Tips to Design a Safe Workplace

Every employer is obligated to ensure that his workplace follows the highest possible safety protocol. When setting up a business, owners must make it a point to:
• Use ergonomically designed furniture and equipment to avoid stooping and twisting
• Provide mechanical aids to avoid lifting or carrying heavy objects
• Have protective equipment on hand for hazardous jobs
• Designate emergency exits and ensure they are easily accessible
• Set down health codes and ensure they are implemented
• Follow the practice of regular safety inspections in and around the workplace
• Ensure regular building inspections are conducted
• Get expert advice on workplace safety and follow it.

Non Negotiable Employee Safety Habits

Every employee is obligated to follow all safety protocols put in place by the employer. All employees must make it a habit to:
• Immediately report unsafe conditions to a supervisor
• Recognize and report safety hazards that could lead to slips, trips and falls
• Report all injuries and accidents to a supervisor
• Wear the correct protective equipment when required
• Learn how to correctly use equipment provided for safety purposes
• Be aware of and avoid actions that could endanger other people
• Take rest breaks during the day and some time off from work during the week

Health, Habits, Hygiene: What is Health

As per the World Health Organization (WHO), health is a “State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” This means being healthy does not simply mean not being unhealthy – it also means you need to be at peace emotionally, and feel fit physically. For example, you cannot say you are healthy simply because you do not have any physical ailments like a cold or cough. You also need to think about whether you are feeling calm, relaxed and happy.

Common Health Issues
Some common health issues are:
 Allergies
 Asthma
 Skin Disorders
 Depression and Anxiety
 Diabetes
 Cough, Cold, Sore Throat
 Difficulty Sleeping

 Obesity



Common Health Issues


Taking measures to prevent ill health is always better than curing a disease or sickness. You can stay healthy by:
• Eating healthy foods like fruits, vegetables and nuts
• Cutting back on unhealthy and sugary foods
• Drinking enough water everyday
• Not smoking or drinking alcohol
• Exercising for at least 30 minutes a day, 4-5 times a week
• Taking vaccinations when required
• Practicing yoga exercises and meditation
How many of these health standards do you follow? Tick the ones that apply to you.
1. Get minimum 7-8 hours of sleep every night.
2. Avoid checking email first thing in the morning and right before you go to bed at night t.
3. Don’t skip meals – eat regular meals at correct meal times.
4. Read a little bit every single day.
5. Eat more home cooked food than junk food.

6. Stand more than you sit.
7. Drink a glass of water first thing in the morning and have at least 8 glasses of water
through the day.
8. Go to the doctor and dentist for regular checkups.
9. Exercise for 30 minutes at least 5 days a week.
10. Avoid consuming lots of aerated beverages


What is Hygiene

As per the World Health Organization (WHO), “Hygiene refers to conditions and practices that help to maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases.” In other words, hygiene means ensuring that you do whatever is required to keep your surroundings clean, so that you reduce the chances of spreading germs and diseases.
For instance, think about the kitchen in your home. Good hygiene means ensuring that the kitchen is always spick and span, the food is put away, dishes are washed and dustbins are not overflowing with garbage. Doing all this will reduce the chances of attracting pests like rats or cockroaches, and prevent the growth of fungus and other bacteria, which could spread disease.
How many of these health standards do you follow? Tick the ones that apply to you.
1. Have a bath or shower every day with soap – and wash your hair with shampoo 2-3 times a week.
2. Wear a fresh pair of clean undergarments every day.
3. Brush your teeth in the morning and before going to bed.
4. Cut your fingernails and toenails regularly.
5. Wash your hands with soap after going to the toilet.
6. Use an anti-perspirant deodorant on your underarms if you sweat a lot.
7. Wash your hands with soap before cooking or eating.
8. Stay home when you are sick, so other people don’t catch what you have.
9. Wash dirty clothes with laundry soap before wearing them again.
10. Cover your nose with a tissue/your hand when coughing or sneezing.
See how healthy and hygienic you are, by giving yourself 1 point for every ticked statement! Then take a look at what your score means.
Your Score
0-7/20: You need to work a lot harder to stay fit and fine! Make it a point to practice good habits daily and see how much better you feel!
7-14/20: Not bad, but there is scope for improvement! Try and add a few more good habits to your daily routine.
14-20/20: Great job! Keep up the good work! Your body and mind thank you!

Swacch Bharat Abhiyan


We have already discussed the importance of following good hygiene and health practices for ourselves. But, it is not enough for us to be healthy and hygienic. We must also extend this standard to our homes, our immediate surroundings and to our country as a whole.
The ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’ (Clean India Mission) launched by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi on 2nd October 2014, believes in doing exactly this. The aim of this mission is to clean the streets and roads of India and raise the overall level of cleanliness. Currently this mission covers
4,041 cities and towns across the country. Millions of our people have taken the pledge for a clean India. You should take the pledge too, and do everything possible to keep our country clean!

What are Habits?

A habit is a behavior that is repeated frequently. All of us have good habits and bad habits. Keep in mind the phrase by John Dryden: “We first make our habits, and then our habits make us.” This is why it is so important that you make good habits a way of life, and consciously avoid practicing bad habits.
Some good habits that

Some good habits that you should make part of your daily routine are:
 Always having a positive attitude
 Making exercise a part of your daily routine
 Reading motivational and inspirational stories
 Smiling! Make it a habit to smile as often as possible
 Making time for family and friends
 Going to bed early and waking up early
 Some bad habits that you should quit immediately are:
 Skipping breakfast
 Snacking frequently even when you are not hungry
 Eating too much fattening and sugary food
 Smoking, drinking alcohol and doing drugs
 Spending more money than you can afford
 Worrying about unimportant issues
 Staying up late and waking up late.

Protect Health & Safety at your work

At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
1. Understand what is meant by hazards
2. Identify different types of potential health and safety hazards that can be found in the workplace
3. Create a workplace safety checklist
4. Understand the common safety signs used
5. Identify the problems related to safety in the given situations.

Hazards and sources of Hazards

What are hazards?
In relation to workplace safety and health, hazard can be defined as any source of potential harm or danger to someone or any adverse health effect produced under certain condition.
A hazard can harm an individual or an organization. For example, hazard to an organization include loss of property or equipment while hazard to an individual involve harm to health or body.
A variety of sources can be potential source of hazard at workplace. These hazards include practices or substances that may cause harm. Here are a few examples of potential hazards:
 Material: Knife or sharp edged nails can cause cuts.
 Substance: Chemicals such as Benzene can cause fume suffocation. Inflammable substances like petrol can cause fire.
 Electrical energy: Naked wires or electrodes can result in electric shocks.
 Condition: Wet floor can cause slippage. Working conditions in mines can cause health hazards.
 Gravitational energy: Objects falling on you can cause injury.
 Rotating or moving objects: Clothes entangled into ratting objects can cause serious harm. Similarly, moving objects can hit you and injure you if you are not careful.

Using computers: Hazards include poor sitting postures or excessive duration of sitting in one position. These hazards may result in pain and strain. Making same movement repetitively can also cause muscle fatigue In addition, glare from the computer screen can be harmful to eyes. Stretching up at regular intervals or doing some simple yoga in your seat only can mitigate such hazards.
Handling office equipment: Improper handling of office equipment can result in injuries. For example, sharp-edged equipment if not handled properly can cause cuts. Staff members should be trained to handle equipment properly. Relevant manual should be made available by administration on handling equipment.
Handling objects: Lifting or moving heavy items without proper procedure or techniques can be a source of potential hazard. Always follow approved procedure and proper posture for lifting or moving objects.
Stress at work: In today’s organization, you may encounter various stress causing hazards. Long working hours can be stressful and so can be aggressive conflicts or arguments with colleagues. Always look for ways for conflict resolution with colleagues. Have some relaxing hobbies for stress against long working hours.
Working environment: Potential hazards may include poor ventilation, inappropriate height chairs and tables, stiffness of furniture, poor lighting, staff unaware of emergency procedures, or poor housekeeping. Hazards may also include physical or emotional intimidation, such as bullying or ganging up against someone. Staff should be made aware of organization’s policies to fight against all the given hazards related to working environment.

General Evacuation Procedures

Each organization will has its own evacuation procedures as listed in its policies. An alert employee, who is well-informed about evacuation procedures, can not only save him or herself, but also helps others in case of emergencies. Therefore, you should be aware of these procedures and follow them properly during an emergency evacuation. Read your organization’s policies to know about the procedures endorsed by it. In addition, here are a few general evacuation steps that will always be useful in such situations:
 Leave the premises immediately and start moving towards the nearest emergency exit.
 Guide your customers to the emergency exits.
 If possible, assist any person with disability to move towards the emergency exit. However, do not try to carry anyone unless you are trained to do so.
 Keep yourself light when evacuating the premises. You may carry your hand-held belongings, such as bags or briefcase as you move towards the emergency exit. However, do not come back into the building to pick up your belongings unless the area is declared safe.
 Do not use the escalators or elevators (lifts) to avoid overcrowding and getting trapped, in case there is a power failure. Use the stairs instead.
 Go to the emergency assembly area. Check if any of your colleagues are missing and immediately inform the personnel in charge of emergency evacuation or your supervisor.
 Do not go back to the building you have evacuated till you are informed by authorized personnel that it is safe to go inside.

After discussing the course content, ask candidates to prompt the key points on their understanding of the evacuation procedures at their current organization.


Safety Guidelines Checklist
1. Store all cleaning chemicals in tightly closed containers in separate cupboards.
2. Keep the kitchen clean and dry all the time.
3. Throw away rubbish daily.
4. Make sure all areas have proper lighting.
5. In case of any injury or fracture, do not move the person until he or she has received medical attention.
6. Do not wear loose clothing or jewelry when working with machines. It may catch on moving equipment and cause a serious injury.
7. Never distract the attention of people who are working near fire or with some machinery, tools or equipment.
4.3.3 Safety Signs

Where required, wear protective items, such as goggles, safety glasses, masks, gloves, hair nets, etc.
9. Shut down all machines before leaving for the day.
10. Do not play with electrical controls or switches.
11. Do not operate machines or equipment until you have been properly trained and allowed to do so by your supervisor.
12. Do not adjust, clean or oil moving machinery.
13. Stack all shelves in an orderly way.
14. Stack all boxes and crates properly.
15. Never leave dishrags, aprons and other clothing near any hot surface.
16. Repair torn wires or broken plugs before using any electrical equipment.
17. Do not use equipment if it smokes, sparks or looks unsafe.
18. Cover all food with a lid, plastic wrap or aluminum foil.
19. Do not smoke in “No Smoking” areas.
20. Report any unsafe condition or acts to your supervisor. These could include:
 Slippery floors
 Missing

20. Report any unsafe condition or acts to your supervisor. These could include:
 Slippery floors
 Missing entrance and exit signs
 Poorly lighted stairs
 Loose handrails or guard rails
 Loose, open or broken windows
 Dangerously piled supplies or equipment
 Unlocked doors and gates
 Electrical equipment left operating
 Open doors on electrical panels
 Leaks of steam, water, oil or other liquids
 Blocked aisles
 Blocked fire extinguishers.
 Blocked fire doors
 Smoke in non-smoking areas
 Roof leaks
 Safety devices not operating properly

Handling Accidents

Try to avoid accidents in your organization by finding out all potential hazards and eliminating them. If a colleague or customer in the organization is not following safety practices and precautions, inform your supervisor or any other authorized personnel. Always remember that one person’s careless action can harm the safety of many others in the organization. In case of an injury to a colleague or a customer due to an accident in your organization, you should do the following:
Attend to the injured person immediately. Depending on the level and seriousness of the injury, see that the injured person receives first aid or medical help at the earliest. You can give medical treatment or first aid to the injured person only if you are qualified to give such treatments. Let trained authorized people give first aid or medical treatment.
Inform your supervisor about the accident giving details about the probable cause of accident and a description of the injury.
Assist your supervisor in investigating and finding out the actual cause of the accident. After identifying the cause of the accident, help your supervisor to take appropriate actions to prevent occurrences of similar accidents in future.


Types of Emergencies


It is important to have policies and procedures to tackle the given categories of emergencies. You should be aware of at least the basic procedures to handle emergencies. The basic procedures that you should be aware of depend on the business of your organization. Typically, you should seek answers to the following questions to understand what basic emergency procedures that you should be aware of:
 What is the evacuation plan and procedure to follow in case of an emergency?
 Who all should you notify within the organization?

 Which external agencies, such as police or ambulance, you should notify in which emergency?


What all services and equipment should you shut down during which emergency?
Here are some general emergency handling procedures that you can follow:
 Keep a list of numbers to call during emergency, such as those of police, fire brigade, security,
4.2.3 Handling Accidents

4.2.4 Types of Emergencies

ambulance etc. Ensure that these numbers are fed into the organizations telephone program and hard copies of the numbers are placed at strategic locations in the organization.
 Regularly check that all emergency handling equipments are in working condition, such as the fire extinguisher and fire alarm system.

Ensure that emergency exits are not obstructed and keys to such exists are easily accessible. Never place any objects near the emergency doors or windows


Check Your Understanding
1. True or False? An accident is a serious or crisis situation that needs immediate attention and action.
a. True
b. False
2. Which of the following are appropriate actions for handling accidents and emergencies? Select the two correct actions.
a) You should give medical treatment or first aid to the injured even if you are not properly trained in such procedures because such treatments should be given promptly.
b) Take decisions beyond the organization’s policies and guidelines, if the situation requires.
c) Get help promptly and in the most suitable way.
d) Follow instructions given by senior staff and the emergency services.

3. Match each type of emergency with its corresponding example.


Type of Emergency Example
A. Medical
I. Earthquake
B. Substance
ii. Power failure
C. Structural
iii. Armed robbery
D. Security
iv. An expectant mother in labor
E. Natural Disaster
v. Chemical spills

4.2.5 Check Your Understanding


Identify and report accidents and emergencies:
- Notice and correctly identify accidents and emergencies.
- Get help promptly and in the most suitable way.
- Follow company policy and procedures for preventing further injury while waiting for help to arrive.
- Act within the limits of your responsibility and authority when accidents and emergencies arise.
- Promptly follow the instructions given by senior staff and the emergency services personnel.
 Handling accidents:
- Attend the injured person immediately.
- Inform your supervisor about the accident giving details.
- Assist your supervisor in investigating and finding out the actual cause of the accident.
 General emergency handling procedures:
- Keep a list of numbers to call during emergencies.
- Regularly check that all emergency handling equipment is in working condition.
- Ensure that emergency exits are not obstructed.
4.2.7: Summary.

Vocabulary Words

Mock Drill/Fire Drill
Practice how to respond/react in case of an emergency, such as a fire
Fire Extinguisher
A small container usually filled with special chemicals for putting out a fire.
Exit
The way to go out of a building or room
First Aid Kit
A container, which has medicines and ointments
Fire Escape Route
The way out in case of a fire
Emergency
A sudden, urgent and unexpected event
Spilt Liquid
Soft drink/water/coffee/tea etc. that has fallen on the floor
Routine inspections –
Regular checking
Damaged equipment
Torn wires or broken plugs
Stairways
Staircase/ stairs to go to the next floor
Light fixtures
Bulbs, tube lights etc.
Injury
Getting hurt/bleeding
Kitchen equipment
Vessels used in the kitchen, such as wok, knives, cutting board etc.
Cleaning Supplies
Liquid soap, dish washing liquid etc.

Accidents and emergencies

An accident is an unplanned, uncontrolled, or unforeseen event resulting in injury or harm to people and damages to goods. For example, a person falling down and getting injured or a glassware item that broke upon being knocked over. Emergency is a serious or crisis situation that needs immediate attention and action. For example, a customer having a heart attack or sudden outbreak of fire in your organization needs immediate attention.
Each organization or chain of organizations has procedures and practices to handle and report accidents and take care of emergencies. Although you will find most of these procedures and practices common across the industry, some procedures might be modified to fit a particular type of business within the industry. For example, procedure to handle accidents caused by slipping or falling will be similar across the industry. You need to be aware of the general procedures and practices as well as the ones specific to your organization.
The following are some of the guidelines for identifying and reporting an accident or emergency:
Notice and correctly identify accidents and emergencies: You need to be aware of what constitutes an emergency and what constitutes an accident in an organization. The organization’s policies and guidelines will be the best guide in this matter. You should be able to accurately identify such incidents in your organization. You should also be aware of the procedures to tackle each form of accident and emergency.
Get help promptly and in the most suitable way: Follow the procedure for handling a particular type of accident and emergency. Promptly act as per the guidelines. Ensure that you provide the required help and support as laid down in the policies. Do not act outside the guidelines and policies laid down for your role even if your actions are motivated by the best intention. Remember that only properly trained and certified professionals may be authorized to take decisions beyond the organization’s policies and guidelines, if the situation requires.
Follow company policies and procedures for preventing further injury while waiting for help to arrive: If someone is injured, do not act as per your impulse or gut feeling. Go as per the procedures laid down by your organization’s policy for tackling injuries. You need to stay calm and follow the

prescribed procedures. If you panic or act outside the prescribed guidelines, you may end up further aggravating the emergency situation or putting the injured person into further danger. You may even end up injuring yourself.
Act within the limits of your responsibility and authority when accidents and emergencies arise: Provide help and support within your authorized limit. Provide medical help to the injured only if you are certified to provide the necessary aid. Otherwise, wait for the professionals to arrive and give necessary help. In case of emergencies also, act within your authorized limits and let the professionals do the task allocated to them. Do not attempt to handle any emergency situation for which you do not have formal training or authority. You may end up harming yourself and the people around you.
Promptly follow instructions given by senior staff and the emergency services: Provide necessary services as described by the organization’s policy for your role. Also, follow the instructions of senior staff who are trained to handle particular situations. Work under their supervision when handling accidents and emergencies.
The

Types of Accidents

Trip and fall:
Customers or employees can trip on carelessly left loose material and fall down, such as tripping on loose wires, goods left on aisles, elevated threshold. This type of accident may result in simple bruises to serious fractures

Slip and fall:
 People may lose foothold on the floor and stairs resulting in injuries. Slips are mainly due to wet floors. Other causes: spilling of liquids or throwing of other slip-causing material on floors, such fruit peels. Tripping and slipping is generally caused by negligence, which can be either from the side of organization employees Fig 4.2.2 or from the side of customers. It can also be due to broken or uneven walking surface, such as broken or loose floor tile. However, you should prevent any such negligence. In addition, people should be properly cautioned against tripping and slipping. For example, a “wet floor” sign will warn people to walk carefully on freshly mopped floors. Similarly, “watch your steps” signs can prevent accidents on a staircase with a sharp bent or warn against a loose floor tile.

Injuries caused due to escalators or elevators (or lifts):
Although such injuries are uncommon, they mainly happen to children, ladies, and elderly. Injuries can be caused by falling on escalators and getting hurt. People may be injured in elevators by falling down due to sudden, jerking movement of elevators or by tripping on elevators’ threshold. They may also get stuck in elevators resulting in panic and trauma. Escalators and elevators should be checked regularly for proper and safe functioning by the right person or department. If you notice any sign of malfunctioning of escalators or elevators, immediately inform the right people. If organization’s procedures are not being followed properly for checking and maintaining these, escalate to appropriate authorities in the organization.

Accidents due to falling of goods:

Goods can fall on people from shelves or wall hangings and injure them. This typically happens if pieces of goods have been piled improperly or kept in an inappropriate manner. Always check that pieces of goods are placed properly and securely.

Accidents due to moving objects:

 Moving objects, such as trolleys, can also injure people in the organization. In addition, improperly kept props and lighting fixtures can result in accidents. For example, nails coming out dangerously from props can cause cuts. Loosely plugged in lighting fixtures can result in electric shocks.

Case Studies of hazardous

Case 1: On Friday, June 13, 1997 a fire broke out at Uphaar Cinema, Green Park, Delhi, while the film Border was being shown. The fire happened because of a blast in a transformer in an underground parking lot in the five-organization building which housed the cinema hall and several offices.59 people died and 103 were seriously hurt when people rushed to move out of the exit doors. Many people were trapped on the balcony and died because the exit doors were locked.
Case 2: 43 people died when fire broke out on the fifth and sixth floors of the Stephen Court building in Kolkata.
Case 3: 9 people were killed and 68 hurt when a fire accident took place in a commercial complex in Bangalore.
Case 4: In Kolkata, more than 90 people were killed when a fire

Case 3: 9 people were killed and 68 hurt when a fire accident took place in a commercial complex in Bangalore.
Case 4: In Kolkata, more than 90 people were killed when a fire broke out at the Advanced Medicare and Research Institute (AMRI) Hospitals at Dhakuria.

At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
1. Define the terms accident and emergency
2. Explain how to find identify and report accidents and emergencies
3. Explain how to address security threats and risks
4. Describe how to handle accidents
5. Describe types of emergencies
6. Explain how to handle general emergencies.

Key Learning Outcomes

At the end of the Introduction, the trainer will be able to:
PC1. Comply with your organization’s current health, safety and security policies and procedures
PC2. Report any identified breaches in health, safety, and security policies and procedures to the designated person
PC3. Identify and correct any hazards that you can deal with safely, competently and within the limits of your authority
PC4. Report any hazards that you are not competent to deal with to the relevant person in line with organizational procedures and warn other people who may be affected
PC5. Follow your organization’s emergency procedures promptly, calmly, and efficiently
PC6. Identify and recommend opportunities for improving health, safety, and security to the designated person
PC7. Complete any health and safety records legibly and accurately

At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
1. Discuss the significance of work place safety
2. Create awareness on basic safety guidelines

Prevention of disasters/risk events

What are some of the basic safety rules that you follow at your workplace.
 Fire Safety
Employees should be aware of all emergency exits, including fire escape routes, of the office building and also the locations of fire extinguishers and alarms.
 Falls and Slips
To avoid falls and slips, all things must be arranged properly. Any spilt liquid, food or other items such as paints must be immediately cleaned to avoid any accidents. Make sure there is proper lighting and all damaged equipment, stairways and light fixtures are repaired immediately.
 First Aid

Employees should know about the location of first-aid kits in the office. First-aid kits should be kept in places that can be reached quickly. These kits should contain all the important items for first aid, for example, all the things required to deal with common problems such as cuts, burns, headaches, muscle cramps, etc.

Security
Employees should make sure that they keep their personal things in a safe place.
 Electrical Safety
Employees must be provided basic knowledge of using electrical equipment and common problems. Employees must also be provided instructions about electrical safety such as keeping water and food items away from electrical equipment. Electrical staff and engineers should carry out routine inspections of all wiring to make sure there are no damaged or broken wires.



It is important to follow safety rules to prevent accidents and protect workers.
 Employees must follow safety guidelines for the following:
- Fire safety
- Falls and slips
- Electrical safety
- Use of first aid

Goals and Objectives

T
Specific
Work activities
should be
specific. Why
and How to be
defined
Measurable
The output
metrics and
yardsticks should
be defined.
Achievable
Should be
assigned to
those
responsible for
achieving it.
Realistic
Should be
challenging yet
attainable. Have
a motivational
effect
Time bound
Time period for
achievement is
clearly stated
3.3.1: Goals and Objectives
compliant


In efficient
Efficient
Pursuit of Appropriate Goals / Doing the Right Things
Effective Pursuing right goals but in efficient Pursuing right goals and efficient
In Effective Pursuing wrong goals and inefficient. Pursuing Wrong goals but is Efficient
In efficient
Efficient
Use of Resources / Doing Things Right

Work Management

Six steps for expectation setting with the stakeholders
1. Describe the jobs in terms of major outcomes and link to the organization’s need
The first step in expectation setting is to describe the job to the employees. Employees need to feel there is a greater values to what they do. We need to feel out individual performance has an impact on the organization’s mission.
Answer this question: My work is key to ensuring the organization’s success because…
While completing the answer link it to
- Job Description
- Team and Organization’s need
- Performance Criteria
2. Share expectations in terms of work style
While setting expectation, it’s not only important to talk about the “what we do” but also on “how we expect to do it”. What are the ground rules for communication at the organization?
Sample ground rules
- Always let your tam know where are the problems. Even if you have a solution, no one likes surprises.
- Share concerns openly and look for solutions
- If you see your colleagues doing something well, tell them. If you see them doing something poorly, tell them.
Sample work style questions
- Do you like to think about issues by discussing them in a meeting or having quite time alone?


3. Maximize Performance - Identify what is required to complete the work: Supervisor needs / Employee needs. Set input as well as output expectations
In order to ensure employees are performing at their best, the supervisor needs to provide not only the resource (time, infrastructure, desk, recognition etc.) but also the right levels of direction (telling how to do the task) and support (engaging with employees about the task).
4. Establish priorities. Establish thresh holds and crisis plan
Use the time quadrant to establish priorities. Refer to earlier session.
5. Revalidate understanding. Create documentation and communication plan to establish all discussion
When you are having a conversation about expectations with stakeholders, you’re covering lot of details so you’ll need to review to make sure you both have a common understanding of the commitments you have made.
6. Establish progress check
No matter how careful you have been in setting expectations, you’ll want to follow up since there will be questions as work progresses.
Schedule an early progress check to get things started the right way, and agreed on scheduled/unscheduled further checks. Acknowledge good performance and point your ways


3. True or False? Always check to make sure there is a common understanding of expectations.
a. True
b. False
4. True or False? Try not to ask too many questions while setting expectations.
a. True
b. False
5. True or False? Employees need to know what tasks to do and how to communicate, appreciating work styles.
3.2.2: Check Your Understanding


a. True
b. False
6. True or False? Employees do not need to know how their work contributes to organizational results.
a. True
b. False
7. True or False? Employees need to know what their team members performance problems are.
a. True
b. False
8. True or False? Employees how have work style different from the Boss/Peers need to change.
a. True
b. False


Define work and activities:
- What
- How
 Define Stakeholders and participants:
- Whom to serve
- Who all are serving
 Plan, Execute and Monitor


At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
1. Discuss importance of expectation setting
2. Develop understanding on defining activities to be performed, deliverables and yardsticks of
measuring output
3. Create awareness on the common Service Level Agreements

Why Time Management

Discuss your responses with the larger group to explain the significance of time management.
Discuss the Shared Services Outsourcing model and how working along several time zones is important for the Shared Services Center.
Prompt participants to come up with some aspects and relate them back to here.
 Planning and goal setting
 Managing yourself
 Dealing with other people
 Your time
 Getting results
The first 4 Interconnect and Interact to give the 5th one – Results
Differentiate between Urgent and Important task
Urgent task
 Assume importance as they demand immediate attention
Important Task
 May become urgent if left undone
 Usually have a long term effect
To judge importance vs. urgency, gauge tasks in terms of
 Impact of doing them
 Effect of not doing them
Main aim of prioritization is to avoid a crisis
We must Schedule our Priorities
as opposed to
Prioritizing our Schedule
Time Management quadrants
1. Urgent and Important – Do Now
2. Not Urgent and Important – Schedule on your calendar
3. Urgent and Not Important – Delegate, Automate or Decline
4. Not Urgent Not Important – Delegate, Automate or Decline

Urgent
Not Urgent
Important These activities usually get done  Crises  Pressing problems  Deadline – driven projects These activities are high impact. Make them a priority  Preparation Activities  Relationship Building  Recognizing new activities  Planning, Recreation
Not Important These activities are deceptive – don’t confuse urgent and important. Minimize these  Interruptions  Adhocs  Proximate, pressing matter  Popular activities Wastages  Trivia  Time asters  Pleasant activities
Urgent
Not Urgent



Why Time Management?
1. True or False? Time can be stored.
a. True
b. False
2. True or False? Time is perishable
a. True
b. False
3. True or False? Time management is required both at individual level and organizational level.
a. True
b. False
4. True or False? Activities should be judged basis Urgency and Importance
c. True
d. False


Team Exercise
Categorize the below items in the Time Management Quadrant
1. Wildly important goal
2. Last minute assignments from boss
3. Busy work
4. Personal health
5. Pressing problems
6. Crises
7. Planning
8. Time wasters
9. Professional development
10. Win-win performance agreement
11. Too many objectives
12. Vital customer call
13. Major Deadlines
14. Unimportant pre scheduled meetings
15. Meaningless management reports
16. Coaching and mentoring team
17. Low priority email
18. Other people’s minor issues
19. Workplace gossip
20. Exercise
21. Needless interruptions
22. Defining contribution
23. Aimless Internet surfing
24. Irrelevant phone calls


It is important to manage time.
 To manage time one must:
- Prioritize
- Define Urgency
- Define Importance

A BRIEF COMPUTER HISTORY

A BRIEF COMPUTER HISTORY

The computer as we know it today had its beginning with a 19th century English mathematics professor name Charles Babbage.
He designed the Analytical Engine and it was this design that the basic framework of the computers of today are based on.
Generally speaking, computers can be classified into three generations. Each generation lasted for a certain period of
time,and each gave us either a new and improved computer or an improvement to the existing computer.

First generation: 
1937 – 1946 - In 1937 the first electronic digital computer was built by Dr. John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. It was called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). In 1943 an electronic computer name the Colossus was built for the military. Other developments continued until in 1946 the first general– purpose digital computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was built. It is said that this computer weighed 30 tons, and had 18,000 vacuum tubes which was used for processing. When this computer was turned on for the first time lights dim in sections of Philadelphia. Computers of this generation could only perform single task, and they had no operating system.

Second generation: 
1947 – 1962 - This generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes which were more reliable. In 1951 the first computer for commercial use was introduced to the public; the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC 1). In 1953 the International Business Machine (IBM) 650 and 700 series computers made their mark in the computer world. During this generation of computers over 100 computer programming languages were developed, computers had memory and operating systems. Storage media such as tape and disk were in use also were printers for output.

Third generation:
 1963 - present - The invention of integrated circuit brought us the third generation of computers. With this invention computers became smaller, more powerful more reliable and they are able to run many different programs at the same time. In1980 Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-Dos) was born and in 1981 IBM introduced the personal computer (PC) for home and office use. Three years later Apple gave us the Macintosh computer with its icon driven interface and the 90s gave us Windows operating system.
As a result of the various improvements to the development of the computer we have seen the computer being used in all areas of life. It is a very useful tool that will continue to experience new development as time passes.

DEFINITION OF COMPUTER

बहुत सारे लोग कंप्यूटर की अलग अलग full form बताते है लेकिन सच मे computer की कोई full form नहीं होती है | बहुत सारे sources मे computer की full form – 
C = Commonly 
O = Operating 
M = Machine 
P = Particularly
 U = Used for
 T = Technical
 E = Educational
 R = Research बताई गयी है लेकिन यह बाद मे computer को उसके function के अनुसार interpret करते हुए define की गयी है| कंप्यूटर को short मे com या puter के नाम से भी जाना जाता है । कंप्यूटर word computations से लिया गया है जिसका मतलब होता है calculation एवं computer का मतलब है कैलकुलेशन करने वाला | वैसे कहा जाता है की computer term originally उन लोगो को कहा जाता था जो की mechanical calculators की help से numerical calculations perform करते थे जैसे की abacus या फिर slide rule | बाद मे यह term उन mechanical devices के लिए use होने लगी जो की calculation perform करते थे और आज उन “electronic device जो की input को process करके meaningful output produce कर सकता है” को computer कहते है |

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Computer क्या होता है : कंप्यूटर एक electronic device है जो की data को input लेता है उनको process करके meaningful output information produce करता है | Computer मे data को store, retrieve, and process करने की ability होती है | Computer की help से आप documents type कर सकते है, mail भेज सकते है, games खेल सकते है, print कर सकते है, internet पर information को browse कर सकते है, calculate कर सकते है, movie देख सकते है, गाने सुन सकते है और भी बहुत कुछ |

What is Excel in Hindi:

Microsoft Excel यह एक electronic spreadsheet है, जिसका उपयोग रो और कॉलम में डेटा अरेंज करने और उसमें क्लिकली कैलकुलेशन करने के लिए होता है। आप आप से सैलेरी शीट, मार्क शीट और कोटेशन जैसे काम बहुत आसानी से कर सकते है।

Excel कि फाइल को Workbook कहा जाता है और एक वर्क‍बुक में डिफ़ॉल्ट रूप से ३ शीट होती है, जिन्‍हे आप एड या डिलीट कर सकते है। एक्‍सेल 2010 के एक शीट में 1,048,576 रो और 16,384 कॉलम होते है, जो पूराने Excel 2003 से 1500% ज्‍यादा रो और 6,300% ज्‍यादा कॉलम है।

MS Office

यह एक आफिसियल साफ्टवेयर (Official Software) है ।यह कई Application Software का संग्रह है ।जो आफिस कि सभी जरुरतो को पूरा करता है इसको अमेरिका की कम्पनी माइक्रोसाफ्ट ने विकसित किया है इस कम्पनी के अध्यक्ष दुनिया के सबसे अमीर व्यक्ति Bill Gates है ।

MS Word

Microsoft Word ऍम एस ऑफिस का ही एक Software हैं| जिसको Microsoft Company द्वारा बनाया गया था यह Software विश्व में सबसे अधिक प्रयोग में आने वाला Software हैं | इसे संक्षिप्त में MS Word भी कहा जाता हैं | Microsoft Word का प्रयोग Letter Writing, Resume, Mail Merge आदि कार्यों के लिए किया जाता है इसलिए Microsoft Word को Word Processing के नाम से भी जाना जाता हैं |

शब्द लिखना, वाक्य बनाना, पैराग्राफ बनाना, पृष्ठ तैयार करना इस प्रकार की सभी प्रक्रियाओ के द्वारा अपनी बात को सुनियोजित ढंग से प्रस्तुत करना Word Processing कहलाता हैं अपने हाथ से पेंसिल या पेन की सहायता से की गई प्रक्रिया मानवीय शब्द प्रक्रिया कहलाती हैं परन्तु जब यही कार्य कंप्यूटर की सहायता से किया जाता है तब यह इलेक्ट्रोनिक वर्ड प्रोसेसिंग कहलाती हैं |

इंटरनेट क्या है ? इंटरनेट का उपयोग, इंटरनेट का महत्व, history of internet in hindi और internet ki khoj kisne kiya इन सब की पूरी जानकारी मैं आपको इस hindi blog में बहुत ही सरल व सहज भाषा में बताऊंगा.

इंटरनेट क्या है / What is internet in hindi

इन्टरनेट एक दुसरे से जुड़े कई कंप्यूटरों का जाल है जो राउटर एवं सर्वर के माध्यम से दुनिया के किसी भी कंप्यूटर को आपस में जोड़ता है. दुसरे शब्दों में कहे तो सूचनाओ के आदान प्रदान  करने के लिए TCP/IP Protocol के माध्यम से दो कंप्यूटरों के बीच स्थापित सम्बन्ध को internet कहते हैं. इन्टरनेट विश्व का सबसे बड़ा नेटवर्क है.

What is internet in hindi

What is internet in hindi

Internet ki khoj kisne kiya

इंटरनेट की खोज के पीछे कई लोगो का हाथ था. सबसे पहले  लियोनार्ड क्लेरॉक (Leonard Kleinrock )ने इंटरनेट बनाने की योजना बनाई बाद में 1962 में J.C.R. Licklider ने उस योजना के साथ, रोबर्ट टेलर (Robert Taylor) की मदद से एक Network बनाया जिसका नाम “ARPANET “ था. ARPANET को  TELNET नाम से 1974  में व्यावसायिक रूप से उपयोग में लाया गया. भारत में इन्टरनेट 80 के दशक में आया.

History of Internet in hindi (इन्टरनेट का इतिहास)

सबसे पहले सन 1969 में अमेरिका के रक्षा विभाग में  Advance Research Project Agency (ARPA) नाम का नेटवर्क लांच किया गया जिसका प्रयोग गुप्त सूचनाओ को भेजने के प्रयोग में लाया गया. सन 1971 में सबसे पहला Email Ray Tomlinson ने भेजा था | जैसे जैसे इसके फायदे का पता चलता गया वैसे वैसे ही इसका इस्तेमाल बढता गया. भारत में इन्टरनेट 80 के दशक मे आया.

इंटरनेट का उपयोग

आपस में बात चीत कर सकते है

नए दोस्त बना सकते है

किसी भी फाइल को तुरंत ट्रान्सफर कर सकते है

online पढाई कर सकते है

घर बैठे शोपिंग कर कर सकते है

न्यूज़ पढ़ सकते है

मोबाइल, बिजली, phone का बिल जमा कर सकते है.

Internet ke labh aur hani in hindi

इन्टरनेट के बहुत से फायदे है. जहा आप बैठे बैठे  online banking, बिल, online tv, movie, game, शोपिंग, और पढाई भी कर सकते है वही इसकी कुछ हानियाँ भी है. कुछ लोग इसके आदी हो जाते है और दिन दिन भर इससे चिपके रहते है जिससे उनकी आँखों की रौशनी कम हो सकती है, साथ यह लोगों ही स्मृति यानि याद्दाश्त को भी बहुत प्रभावित करता है साथ ही इन्टरनेट का इस्तेमाल करने से वायरस का भी खतरा रहता और कुछ हैकर आपकी निजी जानकारी को भी चुरा सकते है जो आपके लिए हानिकारक हो सकती है.

COMPUTER DEFINITION:-

A computer is an electronic machine that accepts data, stores and processes data into information. The computer is able to work because there are instructions in its memory directing it.
The parts of the computer that you can see and touch, such as the keyboard, monitor and the mouse are called hardware. The instructions that direct the computer are called software or computer program.
Data which is raw facts that you the user enter into the computer is called input. This includes; words, numbers, sound and pictures. When the data is entered into the computer, the computer processes the data to produce information which is output. For example, you enter 2+2 into the computer as data, the computer processes it and the result is 4 which is information.

OR
Computer is a programmable machine that accepts data, stores and processes data into information.
it is greek word compute it means calculating. it is man made electronic device.